细胞概述分析.pptVIP

Chapter 2 An Overview of Cells 2.1 Basic Properties of Cells 2.2 Cell Shape and Cell Size 2.3 Molecular Composition of Cells 2.4 Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells 2.5 Viruses - Noncellular Life 2.1 Basic Properties of Cells The Fundamental Properties Shared by All Cells The fundamental Properties Shared by All Cells 2. 2 Cell Shape and Cell Size 1. The Shapes of Cells 2. The Sizes of Cells ■The micrometer(μm) is the most useful unit for expressing the size of cells and larger organelles. ■The nanometer (nm), on the other hand, is the unit of choice for molecules and subcellular structures that are too small or too thin to be seen with the light microscope. ■The angstrom (?) is commonly employed by molecular biologists for atomic dimensions. 1mm=1000 μm 1μm =1000nm 1?=0.1nm 细胞的大小和体积恒定 ■同类型细胞的大小一般是相近的，不依生物个体的大小而增大或缩小。如人、牛、马、鼠、象的肾细胞、肝细胞的大小基本相同； ■“The size of an organ is chiefly determined by number rather than by size of the cells it contains. ”器官的大小主要决定于细胞的数量,与细胞的数量成正比,而与细胞的大小无关,有人把这种现象为“细胞体积的守恒定律”。 1. Surface Area/Volume Ratio（相对表面积） 1. Surface Area/Volume Ratio（相对表面积） ■If a cell were to grow beyond a certain size(limiting surface area /volume ratio), its surface would not be sufficient to take up the substances needed to support its metabolic activities. ■Effective surface area is most commonly inceased by the inward folding or outward protrusion of the cell membrane. ● 一个生活细胞要维持正常的独立生活功能，最低限度需要500～1000种不同类型的酶和蛋白质。 * Life, in fact, is the most basic property of cells, and cells are the smallest units to exhibit this property. 1. Cells Have Membrane Barriers（都有膜结构） 2. Cells Possess a Genetic Program（都有遗传物质） ◆Genetic Information Flow ★ 3. Cells Have Ribosomes（都有核糖体） 4. Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves（都能自我增殖） 5. Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions（都能新陈代谢） 6. Motility of Some Type Is a Characteristic of Virt