Chapter 13 Concord一致关系要点.pptVIP

Technical Terms: 专业术语 concord 一致 grammatical principle 语法一致原则 notional principle 意义一致原则 principle of proximity 就近一致原则 tag question 附加疑问句 13.0 Introduction （Concord）一致是个语法范畴，指两个语法单位之间，其中一个的特点(人称、数、格、性)跟另一个保持一致的关系。 主谓一致受到三个原则的控制： 1.grammatical principle 语法一致原则 2.notional principle 意义一致原则 3.principle of proximity 就近一致原则 1.语法一致原则 动词和主语在人称和数上的一致。 eg: He likes listening to music. 2.意义一致原则 在语义上,主语和动词的一致,主要针对集体名词. eg: The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.现在普通家庭的规模比以前小多了。 eg: His family are all fond of travelling. 他的家人都喜欢旅游。 3.就近一致原则 动词的人称和数与最靠近它的名词或名词短语一致。 如:neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also...... 13.2 主谓一致 13.2.1 集体名词作主语 通常有些集体名词形式是单数，有时却表示复数意义。 1. 无生命的集体名词通常用单数形式，如:furniture, jewellery, machinery... eg:Jewellery is no long a mark of wealth. 珠宝不再是财富的象征。 2.表示有生命的集体名词，分三类： (1)与定冠词the连用的集体名词，谓语动词用单数。eg:the church, the public, the youth, the clergy, the press... eg: The public holds a positve attitude towards this new president. (2)谓语动词多用复数的集体名词。eg:cattle, people, police, vermin... eg: The Chinese people are a great people. 中国人民是一个伟大的民族。 (3)谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数的集体名词。eg: family, army, audience, committee, community... eg: The audience have taken their seats. 观众们都已经就坐。 The audience is requested to remain seated during the intermission.幕间休息时要求观众坐在位子上。 注意：当这类名词为单数时，强调整体概念；为复数时，强调的是集体中的个体。 3.主语也可以是 the+adj.表示一类人或物，其单复数由句意决定。 eg: The poor are getting poorer. 穷人越来越穷。 The deceased was his grandfather. 死者是他的爷爷。 13.2.2 并列连接的名词短语作主语 1.若主语是两者或者两者以上，且所指不同，则谓语动词用复数,最常见的并列连词是and； eg: Peter and Bob are deadly rivals. 皮特和鲍勃是死对头。 2.若主语是同一物体的不同组成部分或同一件事、同一个人、同一概念，则谓语动词用单数。 eg: Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. The singer and dancer is very popular with the young. The singer and the dancer are very pop with the young. When and where to go hasn’t been decided yet. 3.若并列几项有each和every修饰，谓语动词多用单数，强调每个个体。 eg:Each man and woman was asked to complete a form.每一个人都被要求填一张表格。 4.如果并列连词是or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but als