供需弹性及其应用讲述.ppt

第5章 供需弹性及其应用 课堂练习——计算弹性 参考答案 课堂练习——需求价格弹性与支出/收益 参考答案 课堂练习——弹性与均衡的改变 参考答案 参考答案 内容小结 弹性衡量需求量或供给量对其一个影响因素变动的反应程度 需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。如果弹性小于1，需求缺乏弹性；如果大于1，需求富有弹性 对于缺乏弹性的需求曲线，其总收益随着价格的上升而增加。对于富有弹性的需求曲线，其总收益随着价格的上升而减少 内容小结 如果某种物品没有相近的替代品，是必需品而不是奢侈品，市场范围大，或者是在短期内，那么，这种物品就更倾向于缺乏弹性 供给价格弹性衡量的是供给量对价格变动的反应程度。如果弹性小于1，供给缺乏弹性。如果弹性大于1，供给富有弹性 供给价格弹性在长期中比在短期中更富有弹性 内容小结 需求收入弹性衡量的是需求量对消费者收入变动的反应程度 需求的交叉价格弹性衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度 * 新汽车 （供给富有弹性） P Q D1 S Q1 P1 A 供给富有弹性时，需求增加使产量增加的比例要大于价格上升的比例 D2 Q2 P2 B S 供给价格弹性会如何变动 P Q 0 供给价格弹性并不是不变的，而是沿着供给曲线变动。为什么？ $15 525 12 500 $3 100 4 200 弹性 1 弹性 1 由于生产能力限制，当供给量越大时，供给价格弹性越小 * * * * We will follow this scenario throughout the first section of this chapter (the section on price elasticity of demand) to illustrate and motivate several important concepts, such as the impact of price changes on sales and revenue. * 需求变动的定性分析——需求变动的定量分析 供给变动的定性分析——供给变动的定量分析 * It might be worth explaining to your students that “P and Q move in opposite directions” means that the percentage change in Q and the percentage change in P will have opposite signs, thus implying a negative price elasticity. To be consistent with the text, the last statement in the green box says that we will report all price elasticities as positive numbers. It might be slightly more accurate to say that we will report all elasticities as non-negative numbers: we want to allow for the (admittedly rare) case of zero elasticity. * These calculations are based on the example shown a few slides back: points A and B on the website demand curve. * In essence, the textbook says “Here are the determinants of elasticity. The first one is availability of close substitutes. Here’s an example….” That’s great for a textbook. For teaching, I’ve found a different approach to be far more effective: having students deduce the general lessons from specific examples they can figure out using common sense. This is the approach on the next few slides. Also, see notes on the next