供需与均衡价格讲述.ppt

郭广迪：《西方经济学》 第二章《价格理论》 微观经济学 第二章 市场价格的决定 第一讲 需求与供给：均衡价格 Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. DEMAND Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of Demand The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises. Demand and Want 需求是人们的购买欲望和支付能力的统一。 Demand and Quantity Demanded 需求是指在一定条件下消费者愿意而且能够购买的商品或劳务的数量与其价格水平之间的关系。 讨论 影响人们对某种商品的需求的因素有哪些？ 影响需求量的因素 商品自身的价格 除商品自身的价格之外，影响商品需求量的因素有： ①消费者的收入水平 ②相关商品的价格：替代品与互补品 ③消费者的偏好 ④消费者对未来价格的预期 假定这些因素不变，需求就表示商品的需求量与其自身价格水平之间的关系。 The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Schedule The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. Catherine’s Demand Schedule The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Curve The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve 需求规律 Law of Demand 假定其它条件不变，需求量与价格之间成反方向变动。 所以： 需求函数一阶导数小于0； 需求曲线的斜率为负，向右下方倾斜。 有没有例外？ 需求规律的例外 炫耀性商品 吉芬品 股票 讨论：举出例子 市场需求是什么？与个人需求有什么关系？ Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve. Shifts in the Demand Curve Change in Quantity Demanded Movement along the demand curve. Caused by a change in the price of the product. Changes in Quantity Demanded 哪些因素可能导致需求曲线的移动？如何移动？ Consumer income Prices of related goods（互补与替代） Tastes Expectations Number of buyers Shifts in the Demand Curve Change in Demand A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right. Caused by any change that a