曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)第9章应用：国际贸易重点.ppt

0 内容提要 有各种限制贸易的观点：保护工作岗位、保卫国家安全、帮助幼稚产业、防治不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制做出反应。 尽管这些观点在某些情况下有些道理，但经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策。 * The notation PW and PD introduced here is not in the textbook. * Trade benefits soybean producers because they can sell at a higher price. Producer surplus rises by the area B + D. Trade makes domestic buyers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by the area B. The gains to producers are greater than the losses to consumers, so trade increases total welfare: total surplus rises by the amount D. * Trade benefits soybean producers because th