第四节晶体的宏观对称性研讨.ppt

表1-1 七大晶系和十四种布拉菲格子 14种布拉菲格子的晶胞 （1）简单三斜 （2）简单单斜 （3）底心单斜 （4）简单正交 （5）底心正交 （6）体心正交 （7）面心正交 （8）六角 （9）三角 （10）简单四角 （11）体心四角 （12）简单立方 （13）体心立方 （14）面心立方 其对称性由低级到高级，依次为： 低级：简单三斜，简单单斜，底心单斜， 简单正交，底心正交，体心正交， 面心正交 中级：六角，三角，简单四角， 体心四角 高级：简单立方，体心立方，面心立方 对于二维晶格则有四个晶系，五种布拉菲格子，如表1-3以及下页图所示。 表1-3 二维晶格的晶系和布拉菲格子 §1.4 晶体的宏观对称性（crystal symmetry） 一、 晶体的对称性（crystal symmetry） 二、 晶体的对称操作和对称元素 （symmetrical operation and basic symmetry elements ） 三、 点群和空间群（point group and space group） 四、 七大晶系和十四种布拉菲格子 （seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices） 本节思路：给出晶体的对称性、对称操作、对称元素，介绍点群和 空间群的概念，在此基础上介绍晶体的七大晶系和十四 种布拉菲格子等。 Crystal lattices are classified according to their symmetry properties, such as inversion, reflection and rotation. Inversion center. A cell has an inversion center if there is a point at which the cell remains invariant under transformation r - -r. All the Bravais lattices are inversion symmetric. Non-Bravais lattices may or may not have an inversion center depending on the symmetry of the basis. Reflection plane. A cell has a reflection plane if it remains invariant when a mirror reflection in this plane is performed. Rotation axis. This is an axis such that, if the cell rotated around the axis trough some angle, the cell remains invariant. The axis is called n-fold if the angle of rotation is 2π /n. Only 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold axes are possible. Summary There are five Bravais lattice types in two dimensions shown in Fig.6. For each of them the rotation axes and/or mirror planes occur at the lattice points. However, there are other locations in the unit cell with comparable or lower degrees of symmetry with respect to rotation and reflection. In three dimensions there are 14 different Bravais crystal lattices which belong to 7 crystal systems. These systems are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, cubic, hexagonal and trigonal. The crystal lattices are shown in