MB-1-Introduction-2009资料.pptVIP

Hypothetical Chromosomes Every gene has its place, or locus, on a chromosome Genotype is the combination of alleles found in an organism Phenotype is the visible expression of the genotype Wild-type phenotype is the most common or generally accepted standard Mutant alleles are usually recessive The Relationship between Genes and Proteins Experiments have shown that a defective gene gives a defective or absent enzyme These lead to the proposal that one gene is responsible for making one enzyme Proposal not quite correct Enzyme may have several polypeptides, each gene codes for only one polypeptide Many genes code for non-enzyme proteins End products of some genes are not polypeptides The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 ? for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death? ??? ?? ? John E. Sulston H. Robert Horvitz Sydney Brenner b. 1942 b. 1947 b. 1927 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Cambridge, United Kingdom Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA The Molecular Sciences Institute Berkeley, CA, USA The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging b. 1933 b. 1929 University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy Nottingham, United Kingdom University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA ??? ??? Sir Peter Mansfield Paul C. Lauterbur The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 b. 1947 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute  b. 1946 Linda B. Buck Richard Axel ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ? for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system’ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer