第二章个体心理和行为2-4资料.pptVIP

* The five-factor model of personality—the Big Five—offers a comprehensive, unifying framework for identifying personality dimensions. The dimension of extraversion captures one’s comfort level with relationships. Extroverts tend to maintain a large number of relationships. Introverts tend to be reserved and have fewer relationships. The dimension of agreeableness refers to a person’s propensity to defer to others. People high in this dimension value harmony more than having their own way. People low in this dimension focus on their own needs more than on the needs of others. The dimension of conscientiousness refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses. Those high in this dimension pursue fewer goals and tend to be responsible, persistent, and achievement-oriented. Those low in this dimension tend to be more easily distracted, less focused, and more hedonistic. Emotional stability refers a person’s ability to withstand stress. People high on this dimension tend to be calm, enthusiastic, and secure. Those low in this dimension tend to be anxious, nervous, and insecure. Openness to experience refers to one’s range of interests. Those high in this dimension are fascinated by imaginative, creative, and intellectual activities. Those low in this dimension tend to be more conventional and prefer the familiar. * * Every employee expends physical and mental labor in the workplace. Most jobs also require emotional labor which occurs when an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Emotions can be separated into those that are felt versus those that are displayed. Felt emotions are an individual’s actual emotions. In contrast, displayed emotions are those that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. They are not innate; rather, they are learned. * * Research has identified six universal emotions: anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise. These emotions can be concep