曼昆经济学原理第6版微观第二章总结.ppt

像经济学家一样思考 * 大多数经济学家一致同意的主张（以及持赞同意见经济学家所占的百分比） 如果现行的政策保持不变，在接下来的50年中社会保障基金与支出之间的缺口会持续扩大并超出承受能力（85%） 庞大的联邦预算赤字对经济有不利的影响（83%） 最低工资增加了年轻人和不熟练工人的失业（79%） 排污税和可交易的污染许可证作为控制污染的方法优于实行污染上限（78%） 内容提要 像所有科学家一样，经济学家做出适当的假设并建立模型，以便用来解释我们周围的世界 两个简单的模型是循环流量图和生产可能性边界 微观经济学研究家庭和企业做出的决策以及家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易。宏观经济学研究影响整体经济的力量和趋势 作为政策顾问，经济学家提供增进世界福利的建议 * Besides introducing students to the economic way of thinking, this chapter introduces the Production Possibilities Frontier, the first of many graphs covered in the textbook. The PPF will be used extensively in Chapter 3 (Interdependence and the Gains from Trade). It would be helpful to ask your students to bring calculators to class on the day you cover this chapter (as well as Chapter 3). * The “definition” of capital shown on this slide (“buildings and machines”) is the same that appears in the corresponding section of the chapter. A more formal definition will be provided in subsequent chapters. * This and the following slide build the Circular-Flow Diagram piece by piece. * In this diagram, the green arrows represent flows of income/payments. The red arrows represent flows of goods services (including services of the factors of production in the lower half of the diagram). To keep the graph simple, we have omitted the government, financial system, and foreign sector, as discussed on the next slide. You may wish to change the order in which the elements appear. To do so, look for “Custom Animation” in your version of PowerPoint. This exercise leads students to discover for themselves that points under the PPF are possible but inefficient, while points above it are not possible. * Here, we are using “workers” for the more general “resources,” to keep things simple and consistent with the previous examples. * The bow-shaped PPF is more realistic. However, the linear PPF is simpler to work with, and we can learn a lot about how the economy works using the linear PPF. In Chapter 3, we will use a linear PPF to show