研究生论文英语基础必备.ppt

3b We reviewed the matter. 4b The model assumes that people maximize their utility. 5b We need to study the problem further. * * * CONTENT §1 Accuracy in writing §2 Principles of Clear, Cohesive, and Coherent Writing §3 Steps in writing §1 Accuracy in writing Academic vocabulary [refer to the hand-out] Caution Conjunctions A cautious style is necessary in some areas of academic writing 1 Some Examples Primary products… usually have low supply and demand elasticities… …multiple factors may lead to a psychiatric consultation …some parameters might depend on the degree of water content in the sand …women tend to value privacy more than men …other studies suggest that some permanent modal shift will occur ? A cautious style is necessary in some areas of academic writing 2 Areas where caution is particularly important include: Outlining a hypothesis that needs to be tested, (eg, in introduction) Discussing the results of a study, which may not be conclusive; Commenting on the work of other writers Caution is needed to avoid making statements that are too simplistic Example: Poor education leads to crime. Such statements are rarely completely true. There is usually an exception that needs to be considered. Caution can be shown in several ways: [Modal verb] Poor education can lead to crime. [Adverb] Poor education frequently leads to crime. [verb/phrase] Poor education tends to lead to crime. There is a tendency for poor education to lead to crime. Another way to express caution is to use quite, rather or fairly before an adjective. A farily accurate summary… Quite a significant correlation A rater inconvenient location When referring to sources, the verb used indicates the degree of caution appropriate. Compare: Widmerpool (1999) states that junior doctors work longer than… (positive) Le Bas (1983) suggests that more training would result in … (cautious) Other verbs that imply tentative or cautious findings are: Thin