实体隐喻 I.pptVIP

Ontological Metaphors实体隐喻 I Entity and substance metaphors 实体和物质隐喻 人类和外部的物质世界永远都处于相互依存的关系中，人类不仅需要借助于自己对自身器官的认识和方位的体验去认识世界，而且，人类也需要用熟知的物质世界知识来帮助自己认识自身的思维和情感特征。人类的思维和情感复杂程度远远超出了人类的理解能力，人类对自身的认识总是处于滞后的状态，而语言作为思维的物质外壳更是捉襟见肘，无法满足人类对于自身的认知探索和表达，这时，人类往往借助于对物质世界的体验来认识和表达。 即使事物并不具备明显的分离或粘着的界限，我们依然习惯于把它们进行归类，如，山、川、街角，树篱等。这种看待物理现象的方式可以达到我们认识世界和改造世界的目的，或描述我们的行为方式：给山川定位、街角的邂逅、树篱的修剪等。 正如人体空间方位的认知经验可以产生方位隐喻，我们对物体（特别是我们的身体）的体验提供了及其广泛的实体隐喻基础，即我们可以把对事件、活动、情绪、思想等等看作是实体或物质（Lakoff Johnson, 1980:25）。 实体隐喻要满足的目的各不相同，比如rising prices通过inflation一词被隐喻为各种实体，由此给我们提供了描述不同经验的方式。 Inflation is an entity. Inflation is lowering our standard of living. If there’s much more inflation, we’ll never survive. We need to combat inflation. Inflation is backing us into a corner. Inflation is taking its toll（抽税） at the checkout counter and the gas pump. Buying land is the best way of dealing with inflation. Inflation makes me sick. 当我们把某中抽象的现象、特征、概念等隐喻化为实体时，就像上面的inflation一样，我们就可以对其进行描述、量化、剖析、找出因果关系、确定目标等。 Referring: 指称 My fear of insects is driving my crazy. That was a beautiful catch. We are working toward peace. The middle class is a powerful silent force in American politics. The honor of our country is at stake in this war. Quantifying: 量化 It will take a lot of patience to finish this book. There is so much hatred in the world. DuPond has a lot of political power in Delaware. You’ve got too much hostility in you. I love him so much. Gone with the wind: pp110 Within two weeks Scarlett had become a wife, and within two months more she was a widow. She was soon released from the bonds she had assumed with so much haste and so little thought, but she was never again to know the careless freedom of her unmarried days. Widowhood had crowded closely on the heels of marriage but, to her dismay, motherhood soon followed. Identifying Aspects The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure. The brutality of war dehumanizes us all. I can’t keep up with the pace of modern life. His emotional health has