ChapterlanguageandComputer重点.ppt

Chapter TenLanguage and the Computer 1. Introduction Computer literacy refers to those who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software. Computational linguistics can be seen as a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language (Johnson, 1999). P226 1. CAI, CAL CALL CAI: computer-assisted instruction CAL: computer-assisted learning CALL: computer-assisted language learning Phases of CALL Development: 世界上第一台计算机 第二个发展阶段 1956-1964年晶体管的计算机时代：操作系统。 第三个发展阶段 1964-1970年集成电路与大规模集成电路的计算机时代。 第四个发展阶段 1970-现在：超大规模集成电路的计算机时代。 当今世界计算机的发展方向 向着微型化方向发展，功能更加强大。 1. CAI, CAL CALL CAI: computer-assisted instruction CAL: computer-assisted learning CALL: computer-assisted language learning Three phases of CALL: Behavioristic CALL Communicative CALL Integrative CALL 1.1 Behavioristic CALL 行为主义的计算机辅助语言教学 Conceived in the 1950s and implemented in the 1960s and 1970s. Based on the then dominant behaviorist theories of learning--repetitive language drills (drill and practice). The courseware is based on the model of computer as tutor, a vehicle for delivering instructional materials to the student. The rationale 基本原理 Repeated exposure to the same material is beneficial or even essential to learning. A computer is ideal for carrying out repeated drills, since the machine does not get bored with presenting the same material and since it can provide immediate non-judgmental feedback. A computer can present such material on an individualized basis, allowing students to proceed at their own pace and freeing up class time for other activities. Based on these notions, a number of CALL tutoring systems were developed for the mainframe computers which were used at that time. One of the most sophisticated of these was the PLATO system, which ran on its own special PLATO hardware, including central computers and terminals. The PLATO system included vocabulary drills, brief grammar explanations and drills, and tra