The Litrature of Knowledge and the Literature of.docVIP

The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power 德昆西 What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly一般的, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book不用心思的人通常认为，他通指一切印在书本上的东西. Little logic is required to disturb推翻that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature再粗心的人也能很容易看出one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man在文学这个概念里，一个基本要素食和人类普遍的，共同的某项利益有关—so that what applies only to适用于a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature此，那些仅仅适用于某一地区某一职业或者某一狭隘个人利益的东西. So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature即使以书本形式公诸于世，也不能算是文学; but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books但是，一方面，许多业已跻身书籍之林的东西并未印成书本. The weekly sermons布道of Christendom基督教国家里每周必有布道词, that vast pulpit literature规模庞大教坛文学which acts so extensively upon影响the popular mind—to warn, to uphold鼓舞, to renew告诫, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary避难所of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent他告诫着、鼓舞着、警告着人们，广泛的影响着民众的心灵，但是在他当汇总能够在那书籍的圣堂里占有一席之地的，却达不到她那总数的万分之一. The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare’s plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays希腊戏剧代表作in the noontide of the Attic stage雅典鼎盛时期—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witnessed their representation表现some time before they were published as things to be read他们作为供阅读的的剧本发表之前，早就（从发表一词最严格的字面意义来说）在亲眼看到演出观众面前发表，作为一种文学力量在公众心灵上产生过影响; and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing而且，这种通过舞台形式的发表，较之后来他们成为传抄或印刷的珍贵书册，影响要大得多. 我们说的文学，道理指的是什么呢？不用心思的人通常认为，他通指一切印在书本上的东西。这样一