核酸的结构和功能讲解.ppt

(a) The three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA as deduced from X-ray diffraction studies of its crystals. The tertiary folding is illustrated in the center of the diagram with the ribose–phosphate backbone presented as a continuous ribbon; H bonds are indicated by crossbars. Unpaired bases are shown as short, unconnected rods. The anticodon loop is at the bottom and the -CCA 3-OH acceptor end is at the top right. The various types of noncanonical hydrogen-bonding interactions observed between bases surround the central molecule. Three of these structures show examples of unusual H-bonded interactions involving three bases; these interactions aid in establishing tRNA tertiary structure. (b) A space-filling model of the molecule. 2.6.2 rRNA 核糖体是负责蛋白质合成的细胞器，由约40%的蛋白质和60%的核糖体rRNA(ribosomal RNA, rRNA)组成，rRNA占细胞RNA总量的80%。核糖体可分为大小两个亚基，原核生物的小亚基沉降系数为30S，含有16S的rRNA，大亚基为50S，含有5S和23S两种rRNA，真核生物的小亚基40S，含有18S的rRNA，大亚基为60S，含5S，5.8S，28S三种rRNA。 随着核酸序列快速测定法和分子克隆技术的发展，多种rRNA 的一级结构和二级结构已经确定。大肠杆菌16S rRNA 1542 b的序列确定后，发现约有一半核苷酸形成链内碱基对，整个分子约有60个螺旋。未配对部分形成突环，一些分子内长距离的互补使相隔很远的突环之间形成碱基配对，构成复杂的多环多臂结构。在有足够量的Mg2+存在下，分离到的16S rRNA 处于紧密状态，其空间结构与30S亚基的形状和大小非常相似。已经发现16S rRNA 分子中的一些序列，与蛋白质合成时小亚基与mRNA及一些有关因子的结合有关。如16S rRNA 1535～1539的CCUCC与mRNA的相应序列有互补关系。真核生物的18S rRNA除多一些臂和环结构外，空间结构与16S rRNA十分相似。 16S rRNA The proposed secondary structure for E. coli 16S rRNA, based on comparative sequence analysis in which the folding pattern is assumed to be conserved across different species. The molecule can be subdivided into four domains—I, II, III, and IV—on the basis of contiguous stretches of the chain that are closed by long-range base-pairing interactions. I, the 5-domain, includes nucleotides 27 through 556. II, the central domain, runs from nucleotide 564 to 912. Two domains comprise the 3-end of the molecule. III, the major one, comprises nucleotides 923 to 1391. IV, the 3- terminal domain, covers residues 1392 to 1541. Phylogenetic comparison of secondary structures