供需理论.ppt

1 Supply and Demand 供给与需求 A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. Buyers determine demand. Sellers determine supply A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. 竞争市场是有许多买者和卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微 。 In this chapter, we assume that markets are perfectly competitive. 假设市场是完全竞争的 Perfect Competition 完全竞争 Products are the same 产品无差别 Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price 买卖双方数量众多，任何一个对价格都没有影响 Buyers and Sellers are price takers 价格接受者 Demand If you demand something, then you - are willing to buy it (willingness to pay), and - can afford it (ability to pay). 支付意愿和支付能力 Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. 需求量是买者愿意并且能够购买的商品数量 Demand Schedule 需求表 is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. Demand Schedule and Demand Curve Demand Curve 需求曲线 is a downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. 联系价格和需求量的右下方倾斜的曲线 The price of a good is on the vertical axis and the quantity of the good demanded is on the horizontal axis 纵轴表示价格,横轴表示数量 Law of Demand 需求定理 Other things equal, 其他不变， when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls, 价格上升时，需求量减少； when the price falls, the quantity demanded rises. 价格下降时，需求量增加。 Variables that Influence buyers Price of the good itself 商品价格 Consumer income消费者收入?? Prices of related goods相关商品的价格 Tastes嗜好 Expectations预期 。。。。。。 Changes in Quantity Demanded Change in Quantity Demanded 需求量的变动 Movement along the demand curve. 沿着需求曲线移动 Caused by a change in the price of the product. 产品价格引起 Shifts in the Demand Curve the Chinese Medical Association中国医学协会 discovered that people who regularly eat 经常吃 ice cream live longer, h