Lecture 5logical semantics.docVIP

Lecture 5 logical semantics Lecture?FiveLogical?SemanticsTopics?to?Be?Covered?in?This?SessionIntroductionPropositional?logicComposite?logicLogical?connectivesPredicate?logicArgument?structuresFirst?order?logic?Quantification?logicUniversal?quantifierExistential?quantifierLogic?and?Semantics:?introduction‘Logic?is?concerned?with?Truth?and?Inference,?that?is,?with?determining?the?conditions?under?which?a?proposition?is?true?and?the?conditions?under?which?one?proposition?may?be?inferred?or?deduced?from?other?propositions’?(McCawley,?1981)?Logic?defined:?by?two?key?notions:entailment?calculus?Two?more?specific?precise?definitions:“A?logic?is?a?calculus?for?the?entailment?for?the?derivation?of?entailments.”?(Encyclopedia?of?language?and?linguistics)“Entailment?is?a?relation?between?assertive?sentences?or,?rather,?between?propositions?expressed?by?assertive?sentences.”?(Encyclopedia?of?language?and?linguistics)“A?set?of?premises?logically?entails?a?conclusion?if?and?only?if?every?interpretation?that?satisfies?the?premises?also?satisfies?the?conclusion.”Logic?and?Semantics:?introductionEntailment?for?sentences:“A?sentence?or?a?set?of?sentences?P?entails?a?sentence?Q??(P╞?Q)?just?in?case?whenever?P?is?true,?Q?must?of?necessity?also?be?true,?on?account?of?the?meanings?of?P?and?Q?–?that?is,?for?analytical?reasons.An?immediate?complication:occasional?sentences?and?eternal?sentencesTwo?examples:Jack?arrived?late.All?humans?are?mortal.In?language?use,?most?sentences?are?occasional.occasional?sentence:?not?clear?unless…eternal?sentence:?clear?withoutLogic?and?Semantics:?introductionSemantics?is?concerned?with?the?relationship?between?meaning?and?linguistic?structure.Language:syntactic?form?+?logical?representationlogical?representation?=?semantic?contentSemantic?triangle:Semantic?content?=?meaning?relations?between?language?and?real?worldSemantic?content:Truth?and?truth?valueTruth?value?conditionsSemantics?and?Logic:?Semantic?TriangleN