05ch2-5讲述.ppt

§2-5 参考书 蓝立文，高分子物理，西北工业大学出版社，1993 张云兰 等，非金属工程材料，轻工业出版社，1987 复旦大学高分子科学系，高分子化学，复旦大学出版社，1995 赵华山 等，高分子物理学，中国纺织出版社，1982 §2-5高分子的结构 Engineering polymers include natural materials such as rubber and synthetic materials such as plastics and elastomers. Polymers are very useful materials because their structures can be altered and tailored to produce materials 1) with a range of mechanical properties 2) in a wide spectrum of colors and 3) with different transparent properties. 1. 概述 2. 高分子的近程结构 3. 高分子的远程结构 4. 高分子的聚集态结构 Introduction Polymers are common in nature, in the form of wood, rubber, cotton, leather, silk, proteins, enzymes {n.[生化]酶}, starches {n.淀粉}, cellulose {n.纤维素}.? Artificial polymers are made mostly from oil. Their use has grown exponentially, especially after WW2.? The key factor is the very low production cost and useful properties (e.g., combination of transparency and flexibility, long elongation).? 1. 概 述 1.1 高分子化合物 1.2 高聚物的性质与改性 1.3 高聚物的分类与命名 1.4 高聚物的结构 1.1 高分子化合物 1.1.1 高分子化合物的概念 1.1.2 单体、链节和聚合度 1.1.3 高分子化合物的合成 1.1.4 高分子化合物的应用 1.1.1 高分子化合物的概念 Polymer molecules are huge, macromolecules that have internal covalent bonds. For most polymers, these molecules form very long chains. The backbone is a string of carbon atoms, often single bonded. 高分子化合物的分子量一般大于1000,有的甚至达到几十万、几百万,它是由成千上万个原子以共价键相连接的大分子化合物.评定一种物质是不是高分子化合物,并不单要求其分子量很大,更重要地是看其性能是否发生质变,是否具有一定的强度和弹性.即只有在物理、机械等性能具有与低分子化合物有较大差异时,才能称为高分子化合物,方可作为高分子材料在工程上应用。 A polymer is composed of many simple molecules that are repeating structural units called monomers. A single polymer molecule may consist of hundreds to a million monomers and may have a linear, branched, or network structure. Covalent bonds hold the atoms in the polymer molecules together and secondary bonds then hold groups of polymer chains together to form the polymeric material. 1.1.2 单体、链节和聚合度 高聚物的大分子链都是由一种或几种简单的低分子有机化合物重复连接而成 。 凡是可以聚合成大分子链的低分子有机化合物称之为单体;大分子链中的重复结构单元称之为链节;组成大分子链时,链节的数目(n)叫做聚合度。 Mer –? The repeating unit