丽云ChomskyandTransformational-GenerativeGrammar预案.ppt

Chapter six (the less part) Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar ;Five stages of development;3.The Extended Standard Theory;扩展的标准理论（Extended Standard Theory,1970—1980);在这一次修正时，把语义解释的一部分移到了表层结构。 以逻辑成分的范畴为例，看下列句子： Not many arrows hit the target. 不是很多箭射中了靶子。 Many arrows didnt hit the target. 很多箭没有射中靶子。 它们的深层结构是“NOT[many arrows hit the target]” 通过转换，这两个句子由于逻辑成分NOT的关系出现语义差异。这说明语义解释在表层结构中确实起着一定作用，不过乔姆斯基仍然坚持语义主要由深层结构决定。 ; P231 Phrase structure; Lexicon The Transformational Component Phonological Rules Semantic Interpretative Rules; 基础部分;4.Government and Binding;1) Theory of Government and Binding consists of：(P255-P239); (1)界限(Bounding)原则,与邻接条件(Subjacency)一道制约某种语法操作的范围(Locality); (2)管辖(Government)原则,确立某结构中心成分(Head)与其附属成分的关系; (3)题元(Theta)准则,制约题元的分配; (4)约束(Binding)原则,制约照应词(Anaphor)、代词、专名词(Names)和变项(Variable)等四种语类与可能的先行词(Antecedent)之间的关系,以及为确立特定的约束关系而进行的结构重建(Reconstruction); (5)格(Case)原则,处理抽象格及其表达形态的问题; (6)控制(Control)原则,决定抽象代词PRO所指。;;3)原则与参数模式:;5.The Minimalist Program;;2)Remarkable changes in the new theory:(P262） ①Some of the discrete analytical models in the GB are discarded and the two levels of analysis, the deep structure and the surface structure, are left out. 首先，他抛弃了管约理论中的一些具体的分析模型，深层结构和表层结构这两个分析层次也不复存在。 ;;3)In the1990s,Chomsky further developed the minimalist theory in his Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework (1998). In his work, Chomsky holds that the initial states of human languages are the same whereas the states of acquiring different languages are not…While the faculty of language consists of a cognitive system that stores information such as sound, meaning, and structures, the performance system retrieves and uses