农业生态学国家精品课程(第三章)资料.ppt

第三章 能量流动 Chapter 3 Energy flow ;*;*;食草动物;The relationship between matter and energy;*;*;*;*;*;*;*;*; Autotrophic organisms assimilate inorganic resources into packages of organic molecules. There become the resources for heterotrophs which then become a resource for another consumer. At each link in this food chain we can recognize three pathways to the next trophic level: decomposition, parasitism and predation. Consumers may be generalists (polyphagous), taking a wide variety of prey species or may specialize on single species or a range of closely related species (monophagous). ;食物链; A characteristic of an ecosystem is the number and nature of the species that occupy its various trophic levels. The relationship between constituents of one trophic level and constituents of adjacent trophic levels may be described by a food chain. This is a chain of eating and being eaten that connects, for example, carnivorous animals to their ultimate plant food. Many food chains exist in any given ecosystem and can be combined into food webs. Ecosystems vary considerably in the pattern of their energy-nutrient webs.;Top-down or bottom-up?;一个食物链的例子“螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后”;食物链的基本类型（四种）;（3）寄生食物链 植物型：大豆→菟丝子动物型：哺乳动物→跳蚤→原生动物→细菌→病毒；马→蛔虫（4）混合食物链 稻草→牛（牛粪）→蚯蚓→鸡（鸡粪）→猪（猪粪）→鱼；稻→螟→赤眼蜂；菜（温棚）→鸡（鸡粪）→沼气（沼渣）→肥田;*;The Trophic Pyramid:A Model of Consumption;*;*;*;;*;*;*;生态系统中的能量流动 ;Connections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems;Primary producers;The dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for the human population.;Energy flow through a community;太阳辐射能;*;*;*;生态系统的能流;Assimilatory:同化的 Dissimilatory：异化的;*;*;*;*;能量金字塔;*;*;能量：energy 动能：dynamic energy 潜能：potential energy 食物链：food chain 食物网：food web 捕食食物链：predator chain or grazing chain 腐食食物链：saprophytic food chain or detritus chain 寄生食物链：parasitic food chain;生态金字塔：ecological pyramid 生态效率：ecological efficiency 人工辅助能：artificial auxiliary energy 能值：emergy 营养级：trophic