描写眼睛的句子：秋天是一个收获的季节资料.ppt

生态系统管理; 生态系统服务价值的研究，其目的是为生态系统管理者作为合理的决策提供科学的依据。管理是具体的实际活动，它由行政领导、事企业负责人和科学技术工作者（多学科、多部门的）共同来进行的 。 （一)、生态系统管理定义 生态系统管理(ecosystem management)是指具有明确和可适应的目标，通过政策、协议和实践活动而实施的对生态系统的管理。这个“定义”包涵下列要点： ①生态系统管理必须要有明确的目标，它是由决策者最后确定的，但同时它又具可适应性，即可以 根据实际情况进行修改； ②生态系统管理是通过制订政策、签定种种协议和具体的实践活动而实施的。 ;;The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management Ecological Application,1996,6(3):665-691) Introduction We should manage so as not to deny future generations the opportunities and resources we enjoy today . ? ;Ecosystem Management must include the following: long-term sustainability as fundamental value, 2. clear, operational goals, 3. sound ecological models and understanding, 4. understanding complexity and interconnectedness, 5. recognition of the dynamic character of ecosystems, 6. attention to context上下关系 and scale, 7. Acknowledgment承认 of humans as ecosystem components, 8. Commitment许诺 to adaptability and accountability. ;The Montreal Process Working Group Criteria for Sustainable Forestry 1. Conservation of biological diversity 2. Maintenance of the productive capacity of forest ecosystems 3. Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality 4. Conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources 5. Maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles 6. Maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet the needs of societies 7. Legal, institutional, and economic framework for forest conservation and sustainable management ;The Steps of the Decision-making Process: 1. Identify the roles of different people 2. Scope the target area 3. Determine the objectives 4. Develop measurable criteria to determine how well the objectives are being met 5. Develop as wide a range of alternatives as possible 6. Determine how well each alternative meets each objective 7. Explain the relation of each alternative to each objective to