2主动与被动探析.pptVIP

Passive vs. Active被动与主动;;As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the structure in a certain area contain oil, a drilling rig is assembled. … As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves. 由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面不能确定石油的有无。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装钻机。……当孔钻成时，放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如果发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，使石油通过一系列阀门流出。;Passive habit: the agents;;;;Passive habit: the syntax;Passive habit: the rhetorical reason;Passive habit: the writing styles;There are more syntactic passives than notional passives in English;;Some words to express passive meaning;;;;一、汉语被动式的使用受到限制;;“让”、“受”、“给”、 “挨”、“叫” 、“遭”、“蒙”等;英语：动作、状态；汉语：动作;汉语主动句大多数不能转化为被动句;汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义;;;二、使用受事主语导致了大量的“当然被动句”;三、当不需要或者不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采取无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。;;四、当施事者难以言明时，汉语还可以采用通称（generic person）或泛称（如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式。;当汉语不便采用被动式时，常采用通称作主语;汉语用通称作主语，常译为英语的被动;五、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。;;英语的被动式译为汉语时，若不便采用“被字式”，常采用“处置式”;;;;;;使用与英语不同的句型和词性，表达英语的被动意义; Chinese passive → English passive;Chinese passive → English passive;Chinese passive → English passive;;Chinese active → English passive;Chinese active → English passive;;2. the original sentences with no subject are converted into English passive sentences(原文为无主句（无人称句），译为英语被动句). (1) 显然是出了差错，错发了货。 Evidently some mistake was made and the goods have been wrongly delivered. (2) 一旦发货完毕，我们立即通知你方 As soon as the shipment is completed, we shall advise you to that effect. (3) 发现了错误一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. (4) 以后将作进一步的解释。 Further explanation will be given later. ;;I．英译汉;;;II．汉译英;;;