经典著作导读-fiure of speech sonnet 18.docVIP

Figure of speech: Metaphor (暗喻)—a comparison of unlike items, a device in which one object is substituted for another, or an idea is identified by a concrete object. Simile (明喻)—the direct comparison of two unlike items, using the words “like” or “as” to complete the comparison. Metonymy (转喻)—literally “a change of name;” a figure of speech in which the name of some objects or idea is substituted for another name to which it has some relation (as a cause for an effect, a writer for his work). Synecdoche (提喻)—a figure of speech in which a part of an object is used to represent the whole object or idea. Personification (拟人)—the figure of speech which assigns human qualities to inanimate objects or abstractions. Hyperbole (overstatement, 夸张)—an exaggeration used to give emphasis. Litotes (understatement, 低调陈述)—a figure of speech in which an idea is expressed by understatement or by denying its opposite. Apostrophe (呼告)—a figure of speech in which an inanimate object, a dead person, or an abstract idea is addressed directly. Paradox (矛盾修辞法)—a seemingly contradictory or even absurd statement, when considered closely, is found to contain a truth, reconciling the opposites. Pun (一语双关)—a play on words?; this can be a wordplay on a word with two different meanings or a play on the similarity of menings in two words spelled differently but pronounced the same or a play on two words pronounced somewhat alike but different in meanings. Allusion (典故)—an indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place, or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained by the writer but relies on the reader’s familiarity with what is thus mentioned. Rhetorical question—a question asked for the sake of persuasive effect rather than as a genuine request for information, the speaker implying that the answer is too obvious to require a reply. Alliteration (头韵)—the repetition of the same sounds—usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of