01几何光学说课.pptVIP

Geometrical Optics几何光学;§1 Propagation of Light using Geometry;Note: These three laws are valid when the wavelength of the light is much smaller than the dimensions of the relevant components of the optical system, that is, wavelength~0;;; ?min 是对应于顶角? 时的最小偏向角 minimum deviation angle . 棱镜主要用途： 全反射棱镜 测定棱镜材料的折射率n 棱镜还是一种色散元件，主要应用于分光。即利用棱镜对不同的波长的光有不同的折射率性质来分析光谱。光谱仪 望远镜 ;色散 Dispersion：n随λ的变化而变的现象。 正常色散：棱镜的折射率n随波长λ的减小而增加， 有经验公式： n=A+B/λ2+C/λ4≈A+B/λ2(λ变化范围不大时) 白光：具有和太阳连续光谱相似的多色混合光。;光的可逆性 Reversibility principle of light;§2 Huygens’s Principle惠更斯原理;The Description of The Wave The wave can be seen as the propagation of the period permutation spherical wave plane wave;each point on the leading surface of a wave disturbance may be regarded as a secondary source of spherical waves, which themselves progress with the speed of light in the medium and whose envelope at later times constitutes the new wavefront. The explanations of rectilinear propagation law, reflection and refraction laws by Huygen’s Principle (p16-19) Shortage of Huygen’s principle;The explanations of reflection and refraction laws by Huygen’s Principle (p16-19);每条光线到达分界面上时，都同时发射两个次波： 反射次波和折射次波 当光线n到达Bn点时，A1点发出的反射次波波面和透射次波波面分别是以V1tn V2tn半径的半球面。; 由此可见，一种媒质的绝对折射率为 v：该种媒质中的光速， n的物理意义：光在两种媒质中传播速度之比。 从 知，光在光密媒质中传播速度小，这与实验相符。 ;由惠更斯原理知，波面AB上每个面元都是一个次波中心，△t时刻AB部分每一点发出的次波面是以vt为半径的球面，这些次波面的包络面为CD，可见CD也是以Q为中心的球面的一部分。 按惠更斯说法，只有各次波面的包络面CD上发生可察觉的总扰动，即包络面两侧C和D之外的扰动是可以忽略??计的。所以QAC和QBD就是透过孔隙的边缘线，它们都是直线。惠更斯这样说明了波的直进性。 以上解释并不令人十分满意，因为CD两侧之外还有次波存在着，为什么次波在这些地方不发生作用呢？;Disregarding the effectiveness of the overlapping wavelets, Huygens avoided the possibility of diffraction of the light into the region of geometric shadow. Huygens also ignored the wavefront formed by the back half of the wavelets, since these wavefronts implied a light disturbance traveling in the opposite direction. ;§3 Fermats