制浆造纸专业单词10.docVIP

PAGE 62 PAGE 61 This chapter is concerned primarily with alkaline pulping equipment. However, the principles discussed apply to all chemical pulping methods. The objective for a new pulp mill design or for the expansion of an existing facility is to produce quality pulp at the lowest cost while meeting environmental standards. Quality pulp can be produced using either batch or continuous equipment, and the proper choice will depend on consideration of all relevant factors. Because of the interdependence of cooking with overall mill operations, it is not possible to generalize about the proper course of action for all installations. When continuous digesters became operational in the late 1950s and early 1960s. a number of advantages were claimed. Among these, the claims of lower energy consumption and reduced pollution have generally proven valid: but claims of higher yield, better strength, and improved uniformity have not been substantiated by mill experience. Initially, a manpower savings was possible with continuous digester operation, but newer, fully-automated and computer-controlled batch digester installations can now be operated by just one individual per shift. The auxiliary equipment associated with continuous digesters is more complex than that required by conventional batch digesters. One pulping line will usually depend on a single continuous digester or several batch digesters. If one batch unit is taken out of operation for any reason, the production rate is only curtailed: but if a continuous digester is down, the entire production is lost. Therefore, production availability normally favors the batch digester. Also, when frequent changes in wood furnish or degree of cooking are required, the batch digesters are more flexible. Generally, startups and shutdowns are easier for batch digesters. Steam consumption for continuous digesters is much lower than for batch units because low-pressure flash steam from the liquor can be recycled to preheat