现代的的分析测试技术 分子结构的的分析概论.ppt

* 偶极就是分子中正负电荷在空间上分开（重合的话就被中和），被分开的正负电荷称为偶极子。偶极子的电量与电荷间距（矢量）的乘积称为偶极矩。 极性分子存在故有的偶极矩，即分子中正负电荷不能中和，一端带正电一端带负电。这种偶极是永久存在的。分子中的电子可以出现在原子核外的任意位置，但电子在空间的分布是有规律的（电子云就描述了这种规律性）。如果对时间平均而言，非极性分子电子云对称分布，负电荷中心与核电荷中心重合，不存在永久偶极，例如H-H分子。对于极性分子，故有偶极或永久偶极就是指这种平均效果而言的正负电荷不重合。 一个非极性分子在极性分子的电场或外部电场（以下统称外电场）的作用下，电子云将偏向外电场的高电势端，从而具有偶极矩，外电场一撤销，这种偶极矩立即消失，这种偶极作用称诱导偶极。极性分子同样会在外电场作用下进一步两极分化，偶极矩的增大量就是诱导偶极矩。 即便是非极性分子，即便没有外电场，分子中的正负电荷的空间分布事实上也是时时不重合的（重合的概率为零），任一瞬间都存在偶极矩，只不过对于非极性分子没有外电场时，对时间平均而言不存在偶极矩（故有偶极）而已。容易想象极性分子中同样存在瞬间偶极（没有外电场时，某一瞬间的实际偶极矩-固有偶极矩=瞬间偶极矩）。 * * * * This is actual dispersive Raman microscope data from a three layer laminate of a hot dog wrapper. These three spectra were taken at the depths noted in the figure. It is easy to see the spectra of the different layers. It is important to emphasize that there is no sample preparation, no microtome and no need to cut thin cross-sections. Simply place the polymer flat on the scope stage and begin focusing. * The next three slides will demonstrate that the sample will determine which laser is optimum for the analysis. In these spectra of Silicon, it is obvious that the 521 cm-1 band of silicon is hidden under the huge phonon fluorescence when using the 1064 nm FT-Raman laser. At 785 nm with a dispersive system, you see the 521 cm-1 band clearly, but the phonon fluorescence is still obvious and could interfere with other information in the spectrum. The 532 nm data is clean and free from fluorescence and should be used for this analysis * * 从这里可以看出，通过离焦的方式，可以很有效的降低激光的功率密度，但是，拉曼强度的降低却比单纯降低激光的功率少。 * The dependence of the surface-enhanced Raman spectra of oligonucleotide assembled on a SERS-active gold surface on the deviation distance of the sample to the ideal focal plane. Confocal size is 800 um and the objective is x50 long working distance objective. The laser power on the sample is 5 mW. * 水的拉曼散射极弱。 * Trading spectral resolution for throughput Intensity increases 7 fold, resolution decreases 5 fold 100 um 30 um 15 um Increasing