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Chapter 10
Transcription in prokaryotes
Outline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transcription and translation are coupled
in bacteria
10.3 Mechanism of transcription
10.4 Historical perspective: the Jacob–Monod
operon model of gene regulation
10.5 Lactose (lac) operon regulation
10.6 Mode of action of transcriptional regulators
10.7 Control of gene expression by RNA
10.1 Introduction
A central event in gene expression is the copying
of the sequence of the template strand of a gene into
a complementary RNA transcript. All cells have at
least one kind of RNA polymerase – the enzyme
that transcribes RNA from DNA – and the machinery
that translates the mRNA into protein.
The biochemistry of transcript formation is straight forward, but the regulatory mechanisms that have been developed by organisms to control transcription are complex and highly variable. This chapter focuses on the process of transcription in prokaryotes. Some of the similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are pointed out in this chapter,
转录 (transcription)
生物体以DNA为模板合成RNA的过程
转录
5?
3?
3?
5?
模板链
编码链
编码链
模板链
结构基因
不对称转录(asymmetric transcription)
在DNA分子双链上某一区段,一股链用作模板指引转录,另一股链不转录 ;
模板链并非永远在同一条单链上。
关于DNA和RNA的碱基序列,方向总是从5’到3’,除非特别说明。对于DNA,一般总是讲编码链上的序列,这样也容易将DNA序列直接与氨基酸的密码子联系起来.
“对于单链RNA病毒,若其基因组RNA能够作为mRNA或与mRNA相同,则该RNA称为正链RNA病毒。”
PCR中,一对引物(上游引物,下游引物)中的上游引物(forward) 的序列与有意义链一致, 又称为sense primer。
参与转录的物质
原料: NTP (ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP)
模板: 解开成单链的DNA
酶: RNA聚合酶(RNA polymerase, RNA
pol)
其他蛋白质因子
单链DNA病毒:正链,有意义链,编码链;
负链,反义链,转录模板。
正链RNA病毒:作为mRNA或序列与mRNA一致
负链RNA病毒:以其RNA的互补链为mRNA
编码链sense strand :+链、有意义链、非模板链,碱基序列与
mRNA一致(DNA:T,RNA:U),无转录功能
模板链antisense strand :-链、反义链,合成RNA的转录模板
RNA转录的一般特点
☆ 具有选择性,即只对基因组或DNA分子中的编码区进行转录
☆ 开始于特定位点,并在特定的终点处终止
☆ 催化转录反应的是RNA聚合酶
☆ 被转录的DNA双链中只有其中一股模板链作为RNA合成的模板
☆ 启动子控制起始
☆ 底物为4种5’-核糖核苷三磷酸
☆ 合成方向5′- 3′
10.2 Transcription and tra
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