科学革命的结构 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.doc

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Second Edition, Enlarged Thomas S. Kuhn VOLUMES I AND II ? FOUNDATIONS Of THE UNITY OF SCIENCE VOLUME II ? NUMBER 2 Contents Preface i I. Introduction: A Role for History 1 II. The Route to Normal Science 7 III. The Nature of Normal Science 14 IV. Normal Science as Puzzle-solving 21 V. The Priority of Paradigms 26 VI. Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Discoveries 31 VII. Crisis and the Emergence of Scientific Theories 39 VIII. The Response to Crisis 46 IX. The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions 55 X. Revolutions as Changes of World View 67 XI. The Invisibility of Revolutions 82 XII. The Resolution of Revolutions 87 XIII. Progress through Revolutions 97 Preface The essay that follows is the first full published report on a project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already with sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involve-men with an experimental college course treating physical science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to the history of science. To my complete surprise, that exposure to out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and the reasons for its special success. Those conceptions were ones I had previously drawn partly from scientific training itself and partly from a long-standing avocational interest in the philosophy of science. Somehow, whatever their pedagogic utility and their abstract plausibility, those notions did not at all fit the enterprise that historical study displayed. Yet they were and are fundamental to many discussions of science, and their failures of verisimilitude therefore seemed thoroughly worth pursuing. The result was a drastic shift in my career plans, a shift from physics to history of science and then, gradually, from relatively straightforward historical problems back to the more