外文翻译——室内设计史.docVIP

大 连 理 工 大 学 本 科 外 文 翻 译 室内设计史 A HISTORY OFINTERIOR DESIGN? 大连理工大学 Dalian University of Technology  By the first decades of the twentieth century, it had become apparent that industrialization and the technology that it relied on had brought about changes in human affairs as great as any that had occurred since the discovery of fire and the invention of language. Telephone, electric light, travel by ship, rail, automobile, and by air, and structural engineering using steel and Reinforced concrete brought about the extensive changes in human experience that are often characterized as those of the “first machine age.” Through all of earlier history, hand work had been the primary means by which things were made (aided by limited use of wind, water, and horse power). In the modern world, very little is handmade and factory production has become the norm. New and pressing problems were the accelerating population growth and the increase in urban poverty were . The rise of communism and fascism and the suffering engendered by World War I presented problems that technology did little to solve. In art, architecture, and design it became increasingly evident that the traditions that had served past ages were no longer relevant to this modern world. The nineteenth-century efforts to find new design directions—the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau, and the Vienna Secession—all remained tied to the past. Arts and Crafts asked for a return to the hand craft of preindustrial times. Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession sought new decorative vocabularies but did not recognize the extent of the changes that were overwhelming every aspect of modern life. Eclecticism was devoted to the application of bygone design to modern reality. The heavy elaboration of nineteenth-century ornamental- ism (in Victorian and parallel examples) and the superficial historicism of eclectic work became a focus forattack. The leaders of modernism were, in a sense, revoluti