缓冲溶液(Buffer solutions)研讨.pptVIP

Buffer solutions outline 1 Definition 2 Classification 3 How buffers work 4 Buffer calculations 5 Preparation a buffer solution 6 Uses of the buffers Acidic buffer solutions Basic buffer solutions An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt. A basic buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Basic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts. Example: A weak base and its conjugate acid NH3 / NH4+ (pH=9.25) We also can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of base to salt. Acidic buffer solutions Example:a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate contains these important things: lots of un-ionised acetic acid; lots of acetate ions from the sodium acetate; enough hydrogen ions to make the solution acidic. Adding an acid to this buffer solution The buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions, otherwise the pH would drop markedly. Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won’t change very much ——but because of the equilibrium involved, it will fall a little bit. Adding a base to this buffer solution Removal by reacting with acetic acid Because most of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesnt increase very much. Basic buffer solutions Example:a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride solutions contains these important things: lots of unreacted ammonia; lots of ammonium ions from the ammonium chloride; enough hydroxide ions to make the solution basic. Adding an acid to this buffer solution Removal by reacting with ammonia Most, but not all, of the hydrogen ions will be removed. The ammonium ion is weakly acidic,