大学英语文化与影视课程之宗教改革与反宗教改革研讨.ppt

Reformation and Counter-Reformation宗教改革与反宗教改革 3.1 General introduction ★The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement which swept over the whole of Europe. ★The Reformation was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. ★The reformers, priests, humanists and others DENIED that the church authorities and priests were the only authority in the interpretation of the Bible and BELIEVED IN direct communication between the individual and God. To enable this direct communication, the reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. ★The DEMANDS of the reformists also included that of simplifying rituals, abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen and abolishing the indulgences(赎罪券)—— the centuries-old practice of paying money to replace the performance of the deed of penance(赎罪). ★The INTERESTS of the reformists covered a wide range, from wishing to see institutional reform of the Church, to making the Bible accessible to the common folks, to liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. 3.2 Martin Luther(1483-1546) and his doctrine ★Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant(新教) Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. 3.2.1 Beginning of the Reformation ★Martin Luther was a priest, a vicar and professor of theology. His experience in church matters and his study of the Scripture led him to post on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 theses（95条论纲）, making open protest against the indulgences that had been in practice for centuries, which marked the beginning of the reformation Movement. ★He quoted the Scripture in support of his belief that men are redeemed by f