给水排水专业英语15研讨.pptVIP

Unit 15Wastewater collection systems Sanitary sewers Sanitary sewers carry domestic sewage, liquid commercial and industrial wastes, and undesirable contributions from infiltration and stormwater. 污水管道用来输送生活污水，商业和工业的废液以及不需要渗透水和雨水。 Because sewage discharges from homes, buildings, and factories and occur simultaneously, sanitary sewers must be designed to handle the peak rate of flow. 因为来自家庭、建筑和工厂的污水可能同时排放，污水管道必须按峰值流量设计。 The Harmon formula is one of several formulae, based on population, that are used to estimate the ratio of peak to average flow rate. It is given by 。Where P is the population in thousand. In some municipalities, sink disposal units or “garbarators” may be installed in sinks to macerate household organic (food) wastes so that the wastes can be flushed to the sanitary seer rather than collected with the municipal garbage. The convenience to the homeowners and the possibility of less frequent garbage pickup are offsetted by the cost of the unit and the increased cost for treating the additional SS and organic load discharged to the sewers and municipal treatment facilities. Where sink disposal units are used, increases in the SS and BOD of sewage have been estimated at 30 and 60 percent, respectively. Storm sewers Storm sewers receive stormwater runoff from roads, roofs, lawns, and other surfaces. Various methods for estimating the rates or volumes of runoff are available. All start with a storm of specified frequency (from 2 to 100 years) and information on an actual (or representative) storm, or which curves relation rainfall intensity to storm duration. Typical storm frequencies used for design are 2 to 5 years for residential areas, 10 to 25 years for high-value and commercial districts, and 50 to 100 years for major drainage systems. Storm systems may be partial systems with relatively small pipes, providing only road drainage and not connected to building drains. Because these sewers are not connected to