第4讲光的干涉.pptVIP

第三章 光的干涉 Coherence and Interference 第三章 光的干涉 Coherence and Interference 三角函数复习 Superposition 波的叠加：驻波、拍 The Temporal Coherence Time and the Spatial Coherence Length The temporal coherence time is the time the wave-fronts remain equally spaced. That is, the field remains sinusoidal with one wavelength: Spatial and Temporal Coherence Beams can be coherent or only partially coherent (indeed, even incoherent)in both space and time. The coherence time is the reciprocal (互为倒数) of the bandwidth. The coherence time is given by: where Dn is the light bandwidth (the width of the spectrum). Sunlight is temporally very incoherent because its bandwidth is very large (the entire visible spectrum). Lasers can have coherence times as long as about a second, which is amazing; thats 1014 cycles! The spatial coherence depends on the emitter size and its distance away. The van Cittert-Zernike Theorem states that the spatial coherence area Ac is given by: where d is the diameter of the light source and D is the distance away. Basically, wave-fronts smooth out as they propagate away from the source. Starlight is spatially very coherent because stars are very far away. 3.2 光波的叠加和干涉Irradiance of a sum of two waves The irradiance when combining a beam with a delayed replica of itself has fringes. Crossed Beams 以下留待下一节讲解 光源宽度对干涉条纹的影响 其他分波前干涉装置 1、双缝干涉实验装置 k=+1 k=-2 k=+2 k= 0 k=-1 I S 1 S 2 S * * * q z x Cross term is proportional to: Fringe spacing: Fringes (in position) I x 1 S 2 S D  2 r p o S l 1 r 干涉条纹形状： 相同的点，干涉情况相同。数学证明 的点的轨迹是 以两点光源为焦点的回旋双曲面。 1 S 2 S D  2 r p o S l 1 r 条纹间隔： 如果 I1=I2=I0 前面处理干涉问题的主要手段是求解光程差，下面我们用波前函数处理干涉，更简单明了 回顾第二章学习内容： 用波前函数分析法处理干涉问题 1 S 2 S D  2 r p o S l 1 r z y 条纹间隔： 例题：在杨氏干涉装置中，双孔间距d=0.233mm，屏幕到小孔的距离D=100cm，用单色光照明，测得条纹间距?x=2.53mm,求单色光波长。 杨氏干涉实验意义： 利用分波前法实现普通光源照明下的光波干涉，各种分波前干涉装置均可归结成杨氏双孔干涉模式。 证实了惠更斯原理中提出的次波的存在，并证明了波前上各次波源的相干性，为光波衍射理论形成了思想基础。 以杨氏双空干涉模型为基础展开对光场的空间相干性，光学全息术等等问题的讨论。 More on Young’s experiment 关于杨氏干涉的进一步说明： (1)非单一波长照明—