昌增益生物化学introductionandoverview课件.ppt

Biochemistry II--Metabolism: The degradation and synthesis of biomolecules. by Professor Zengyi Chang (昌增益教授）Tel: 6277-2251E-mail: changzy@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn 1. An Overview of Metabolism 1.1 The Definition of Metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism. 1.2 The Roles of metabolism Extract energy and reducing power from the environment (photosynthesis and oxidative degradation of nutrients); Generation (interconversion) of all the biomolecules (small and large) for a living organism (biosynthesis). 1.3 The General Features of metabolism Occurs in linear, branched or circular pathways; Highly interconnected (“Every road leads to Rome”). Highly regulated to achieve the best economy (“Balanced supply and demand”). The number of reactions is large (over 1000) and the number of types of reactions is relatively small. Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”). 2. Things that will be covered 1). General principles for bioenergetics.2). Oxidative degradation of fuels (glycolysis, b- oxidation, urea cycle, a-ketoacid oxidation, citric acid cycle), generating NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.3). Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by O2 and generation of ATP and H2O (respiratory chains, ATP synthase).4). Photosynthsis (photophosphorylation and carbon fixation).5). Biosynthsis of DNA, RNA and Protein (replication, repair, recombination, transcription, translation).6). Regulation of metabolism. 3. Understanding Metabolism: a retrospect 3.1 Sugar degradation (glycolysis) and synthesis 1897, Eduard Buchner, Cell-free fermentation (Nobel Prize in 1907). Otto Fritz Meyerhof, conversion of glucose to lactic acid in muscle and back to glucose in liver (Nobel Prize in 1922). Sir Arth