From Morpheme to Phrase.pptVIP

（1）Stability chairman/*manchair disability/*abilitydis But the internal structure of sentences is more flexible: The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. (2) relative uninterruptibility dis + appoint + ment No other element can be inserted into the word. But we can insert the word “only” into the following sentence: John loves Mary. John only loves Mary. (3) A minimum free form -Boys are always boys. -Who is naughty? -Boys. -What was broken? -*The Classification of words Word class （词类） 9 word classes: n., pron., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., int., and art.. Variable and invariable words Variable words: have inflective changes Invariable words: do not have inflective changes Grammatical/functional words and lexical/content words Grammatical words （语法词）: conj., prep., art. and pron. Lexical words（词汇词）: n., v., adj., and adv.. Closed-class word and open-class word Words with fixed and limited membership, e.g. pron., prep. and conj. etc. （封闭类词） Words with Infinite and unlimited membership, e.g. n., v., adj. and adv.（开放类词） A few more were introduced, namely, Particle （小品词） Infinitive mark ”to” subordinate units in verbal phrases, e.g. look back, get by, etc. Auxiliary（助词） Negation, inversion, code（语码）, and emphasis. Pro-form（替代形式） Pro-adjective, pro-verb, pro-adverb, and pro-locative Determiners (限定词) Pre-determiner, central-determiner, post -determiner. ---See (Hu, 2011:60) WORD FORMATION (1) From Morpheme to Word The inflectional way of formation: by adding inflectional affixes The derivational way of formation Derivation (roots + affixes) Compound (word + word) In writing, the compound can be a single word (e.g. bodyguard), joined with a hyphen (e.g. traffic-light), or two parts with an ordinary space (e.g. washing machine). In English compounds, the right member always serves as the head, it does not only determine the category of the compound, but also determines the major part of the sense of the compound.