spetra and energy levels in atoms光谱和原子能级.pptx

5.2.1. Black body radiation and Planck’s quantum hypothesis 黑体辐射和普朗克量子假说 5.2.2 The photoelectric effect and Einstein’s photoelectron theory 光电效应和爱因斯坦光电理论 5.2.3 Spectra and energy levels in atom光谱和原子能级 The beginning of quantum mechanics 从经典物理学到量子力学过渡时期的三个重大问题 牛顿： 若要了解物质的内部情况，只要看其光谱就可以了. Spectrometer 分光仪,光谱仪 Diffraction Grating 衍射光栅 An optical device used to disperse light into a spectrum. It is ruled with closely-spaced, fine, parallel grooves , typically several thousand per cm, that produce interference patterns in a way that separates all the components of the incoming light. 光栅中涉及到的主要光现象：interference ， diffraction，dispersion reflection and refraction. transmission grating reflection grating Spectrometer 分光仪 Spectrometer 分光仪 Types of spectra Spectrum——the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object Line spectra 稀薄气体或金属的蒸气的发射光谱是线状光谱。线状光谱是由游离状态的原子发射的，也叫原子光谱。 sources of line spectra in the lab Gases contained in discharge tube 原理：玻璃管中的稀薄气体的分子在强电场作用下会电离，成为自由移动的正负电荷，于是气体变成导体，导电时会发光。 sources of line spectra in the lab Substances Heated in a blue Bunsen flame eg: hydrogen spectrum Gas discharge tube Continuous spectra 炽热的固体、液体及高压气体的光谱，是由连续分布的一切波长的光组成的，这种光谱叫做连续光谱。 Newton: discovery of continuous spectrum of sunlight (1665) Absorption spectra 吸收光谱 Sodium Vapor Absorption spectra 吸收光谱 Sodium Vapor 高温物体发出的白光（其中包含连续分布的一切波长的光）通过物质时，某些波长的光被物质吸收后产生的光谱，叫做吸收光谱。 这表明，低温气体原子吸收的光，恰好就是这种原子在高温时发出的光。因此吸收光谱中的暗谱线与明线相对应，也是原子的特征谱线。 著名的“双黄线” 德国物理学家夫琅和费 Fraunhofer: invention of spectrometer and discovery of dark lines in solar spectrum (containing 324 lines)(1815) 太阳的光谱是吸收光谱。 Compare the Solar spectrum with the Hydrogen and Helium spectra . spectra can tell us the possible elements existed in the substance. Compare the emission spectra with the absorption spectra . What is the difference? Any rules? 各种元素都只能发出具有本身特征的某些波长的光，线状光谱的谱线也叫原子