AP23-Kinematics.pptVIP

* Mechanics（力学）: The Science of motion and its causes. Kinematics（运动学） ? description of motion. Dynamics（动力学）? causes of motion. Mechanics is customarily divided into two parts: Chapter 2 3 Motion in One, Two and Three Dimensions Position and Displacement Velocity Acceleration 2D and 3D Motion Relative Motion 2-1 Description of motion The world, and everything in it, moves. Even seemingly stationary things, such as a house moves with the Earth, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, the Sun’s orbit around the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and that galaxy’s migration relative to other galaxies. 运动的绝对性 绝对静止的物体是没有的—— To determine the location of a body at the reference object quantitatively, a coordinate system is built on it. x y O z To describe the position of an object, the other object referred to (Reference Frame 参照系）should be chosen. It is arbitrary. 物体的运动对不同参照系描述不同—运动的相对性 2-2. Position and Displacement 1. Position Vector(位矢）??The location of a particle relative to the origin of a coordinate system. P (x,y,z,t ) i k j x y z (t0) r(t) (t? ) z x y For a Cartesian system: Motion Function ( 运动方程 )： Trajectory Equation ?? 轨道方程 f (x, y, z) = 0 The displacement vector extends from the head of the initial position vector to the head of the later position vector. 2. Displacement (位移矢量) —— A particle is changing in its position(描述质点空间位置变化的矢量): y x 0 r1(t) A B z r2(t+ ?t ) ?r Notes about Displacement： Displacement depends only on the position of head to tail, independent with the real path (与具体路径无关)，状态量； (i). Vector —— The magnitude of vector should be the length of this vector, i.e. (ii). Different from the path (路程) Path is the total lengths of the path curve，scalar，过程量。 In the limit as Δt ?0, r(t+Δt ) r(t) 0 Δr Δr (iii). The displacement is independent on the choice of origin. ? Hey! x r(t+Δt ) r(t) y z P2 P1 0 ΔS 2-3. Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 1. Average velocity: 2. Instantaneous velocity (瞬时速度) : 3. Average an