数学基础认识与理解.pptVIP

數學基礎認識與理解Mathematical Literacy and Understanding 數量的認識和數數 Humans are born with a fundamental sense of quantity? 2 1/2 years to 4 1/2 years olds Numerical Competencies Numerosity (數量感): 對數量的認識 Ordinality(序列感): 對順序的認識 Arithmetic: 基本數學運算 思考問題 你以為兒童能否認識簡單的數量呢? 如果可以, 他們可以認識到多大的數量? 這種能力是與生俱來的(Innate)還是後天學習得到的? 如果你是一個研究人員, 你將怎樣設計你的實驗以找出這些問題的答案呢? Numerosity Habituation procedure: dishabituation means notificaiton of number of presented dots changed. 4 months to 7 1/2 months: discriminate 2 from 3 items but not 4 from 6 itms. 10 - 12 months: 2 from 3, not 4 from 5 infants: look longer when 2 dots presented with 2 drum bits, (abstracts codes for numerosities up to 3 or 4 items) Infants’ abilities in numerosity Not dependent on a specific modality not influenced by factors such as: whether dots or household items are presented, whether the presented items are static or moving, density of the displays Ordinality Infants sensitive to numerosity implies they understand larger than or less than? Ordinality before or after numerosity? Why? Ordinality Infants represent numerosity do not imply they can rank the representations. Developed during the first 1 1/2 years of life. 討論問題 兒童懂得加數和減數嗎, 何時開始懂得呢? 如果他們年紀這麼少便懂得加減數, 這顯示了什麼呢? Arithmetic Infants have a preliminary sense of addition and subtraction at 5 months of age. 討論題目 你怎樣看出一組物件的數目? Development of Early Numerical Abilities Subitizing Counting Estimating Reaction Time Patters for Making Numerosity Judgments 討論題目 試解釋上圖背後的原因 Error Rates Rare for arrays with 4 or fewer items 50% for arrays with more than 7 items 討論題目 兒童何時開始數數? 什麼原因令他開始? 數目有什麼特質? 數數是什麼? 包括什麼過程? 兒童要懂得什麼才能開始數數? 數數過程中包含許多概念, 兒童是先有概念才數數,還是從數數中學習概念? Properties of Number System Each number word is unique and represent a unique quantity numbers are serially ordered each number reflects a group of smaller numbers. Counting: basic skills involved One-to-one correspondence between number names and the counted items order the number names in the correct sequence the last numbe