自考0830-现代语言学自考串讲自考必过笔记.docVIP

0830 - 现代语言学 笔记依据教材 《现代语言学》 何兆熊、梅德明主编 外语教学与研究出版社 笔记依据目录 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. What is linguistics? 1.1 Definition 1.2 The scope of linguistics 1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic 1.3.3 Speech and writing 1.3.4 Langue and parole 1.3.5 Competence and performance 2. What is language? 2.1 Definitions of language 2.2 Design features Study questions Chapter 2 Phonology 1. The phonic medium of language 2. Phonetics 2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2 Organs of speech 2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions 2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.4.1 Classification of English consonants 2.4.2 Classification of English vowels 3. Phonology 3.1 Phonology and phonetics 3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair 3.4 Some rules in phonology 3.4.1 Sequential rules 3.4.2 Assimilation rules 3.4.3 Deletion rule 3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation 3.5.1 Stress 3.5.2 Tone 3.5.3 Intonation Study questions Chapter 3 Morphology 1. Definition 2. Morpheme 2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 2.2 Types of morphemes 2.2.1 Free morphemes 2.2.2 Bound morphemes 2.2.3 Morphological rules 3. Compounding 3.1 Types of compound words 3.2 Features of compounds Study questions Chapter 4 Syntax 1.Syntax as a system of rules 2. Sentence structure 2.1 The basic components of a sentence 2.2 Types of sentences 2.2.1 The simple sentence 2.2.2 The coordinate sentence 2.2.3 The complex sentence 2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences 2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence 2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence 2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 3. Syntactic categories 3.1 Lexical categories 3.2 Phrasal categories 4. Grammatical relations 5. Combinational rules 5.1 Phrase structure rules 5.2 The recur