几篇机械专业英语翻译.docVIP

(B) Stress and Strain When a force (or load) is applied to a material,it al. The stress acting on the produces a stress in the material.the stress acting on the material is the force exerted per unit area: Stresses may be tensile, shear in nature. compressive or shear in nature Figure l. 3 shows a metal block tension,i.e. the force F is a stretching force . which thus increases the length of the block and reduces its cross-section If the metal block has a cross sectional area A,then the tensile stress is F/A The dimensional change caused by a stress is called strain. In tension (or compression), the strain is the ratio of the change in length to the original length. Thus figure 1. 3 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Being a ratio, strain is a number without units,but change both in length and original length must be expressed in the same units. Strain may also be expresse as a percentage. In figure 1.4, the force F compresses the metal,thus reducing its length and increasing its cross-section. in this case,the compressive stress is F/A and @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ In elastic behavior,the strain produced in a stressed material is completely removed as soon as the materials show elastic properties up to fairly hight stresses,while others have little ,if any ,elasticity When an elastic material is loaded progressively in tension, the elastic strain produced is directly proportional to the stress causing it,. This relationship is known as Hookes law. The graph of stress against strain (fig. 1. 5) will be a straight line passing thought the origin .the s;ope of this straight line: (stress/strain)is a constant for a given material this constant is known as Youngs modulus. or the modulus of elasticity,and is denoted be E,so that Since strain is a dimensionless quantity, E has the same units as stress. The value of E