第11章公共物品和公有资源.pptVIP

第11章 公共物品和公有资源 本章小结 如果可以阻止某人使用某种物品,那么这种物品就具有排他性. 如果一个人对某种物品的使用减少了其他人使用同一物品,这种物品就具有竞争性. 市场运行最适于既有排他性又有竞争性的私人物品. 市场运行不适用于其他类型的物品. 第11章 公共物品和公有资源 本章小结 公共品, 例如国防、基础知识,既无排他性又无竞争性. 由于不能对使用公共物品的人收费,人们就有激励去搭便车, 同时企业没有激励提供公共物品. 因此,政府提供公共物品,以成本—收益分析为基础做出供给量的决策. 第11章 公共物品和公有资源 本章小结 公有资源有竞争性但无排他性. 例子包括公有的草地、清洁的空气和拥挤的道路. 由于人们可以无偿地使用公有资源, 所以他们往往使用过度. 因此, 政府努力限制公有资源的使用. * * * * Using the two characteristics on the preceding slide, we can classify most goods in one of the four categories on this slide. As each example displays, explain why it belongs to its category/classification. E.g., food is a private good because 1) it is excludable: you cannot have any unless you buy it 2) it is rival in consumption: if you eat that fish taco, I won’t be able to eat it * This brief exercise gives students practice applying the definitions of rival and excludable and the four different types of goods. Suggestion: Tell students they have 1-2 minutes to formulate an answer, then another 2 minutes to compare their answer with that of one student sitting near them. Then ask for students to volunteer their responses. If you’re pressed for time, you can safely omit this exercise. Students can get this information from a careful reading of the chapter. * * * The textbook exposits these ideas using a simple example – a fireworks display in Smalltown, U.S.A. The Study Guide offers another example, in which the cost of installing a streetlight in a neighborhood is less than the collective benefits of the people who live on that street – yet, no one takes the initiative to provide it. * * * * * * If you’re pressed for time, you can safely omit this exercise. Its contents will be covered in a subsequent slide, and students can learn this material from a careful reading of the chapter. This exercise has several objectives: 1) It gets students to anticipate the policy solutions to the common resource problem based on what they have just learned about the probl