X-ray diagnostics and imaging.pptVIP

Typical Radiation Doses in Radiographic and in CT Examinations The radiation dose received in CT is considerably higher than that of conventional screen radiography. To compare the two types of X-ray exposures the received dose D of X-ray radiation is converted to integral dose DI, which corresponds to the total amount of energy deposited in the body tissue of mass m: In radiographic examinations the dose is not distributed evenly but drops from the entrance dose at the skin D0 towards deeper layers. For the skull m ? 0.33 cm?1, A ? 256 cm2, the typical entrance dose is D0 ? 4.8 mGy. This yields for the integral dose: The integral dose in a seven slice head CT is about twenty times higher than the integral dose of a single X-ray exposure. The integral dose is described by: DI = 3.7J * * Fluoroscope Direct-Exposure Film Direct exposure film has a relatively low absorption efficiency ? for photons in the diagnostic range, however it is still used in many combinations of image receptor systems. Direct exposure film material has special design of two photographic emulsions with protective layers between to optimize the absorption efficiency ? . Correct exposure is important to produce a reliable image on the film. Over- or underexposure will result in loss of contrast and therefore possibly in loss of diagnostic information. Many different types image receptors are used in modern diagnostic radiology. They all have in common that they form an image by absorption of energy from the X-ray beam (after transmitting through the body). The main characteristics will be discussed on the example of the direct exposure film. The proper film exposure can be obtained from the so-called characteristic curve of the film material. The blackening of the film after X-ray exposure is expressed in terms of its optical density: D = log10(I0/I) where I0 and I is the light intensities before and after passing through the exposed film material. The objective of this section