ch2-4 Microscope and Telescope.pptVIP

4.4 Magnifier and eyepiece (放大镜和目镜 ) The angular resolution of the eye is 60″. If the angular subtended by two objects is less than 60″, the images of objects will fall on the cell or the adjacent cells, and we can not distinguish them. To look a micron object or the detail of object clearly, the angle formed by two objects is sufficient large for eye and the distance between the object and eye is adequate .both of these two requirement is contradictive. To overcome the contradiction, optical system in the front of eye is needed. Magnifier is the optical instruments which is used to help people view micro-object, Convex lens is the simplest magnifier。 可以认为物体对瞳孔的最大张角为物体在明视距离(distance of distinct vision)时对人眼的张角. （1） y is the height of object S0=25cm y The angle ω formed by viewing the object directly by the naked eye can be given by Place a magnifier in the front of eyes, if object distance is too large, the image locate between the lens and eye, if object distance small, the image inside the distance of distinct vision(明视距离）.when the image is between remote position and the distance distinct vision, this location is a suitable adjustment range for eye. Therefore object should be put close to the first focus of convex lens. This small distance is called as depth of focus(焦深) F A B Lens （2） 定义：放大镜的视角放大率为像所张视角 与用肉眼观察物体在明视距离处时所张视角 之比： （3） 这样，物体在透镜像空间成一放大正立虚像(virtual image )，此虚像即为眼睛的物，它到眼睛距离与其到透镜的距离无实际差别,虚像 对透镜光心的张角即为物体 对光心的张角，所以 单位为cm。 The angle ω’ when viewing the image formed by the lens can be given by eyepiece (目镜)－用于观察由光学系统所成的像的放大镜。 Requirement of eyepiece：有较高的放大率和较大的视场角(viewing angle)，同时尽可能的消除像差（aberration)，为此目镜通常由两片或更多片透镜组成。 冉斯登目镜： Huygens eyepiece： A B Magnification times 4.5 Microscope (显微镜 ) 放大镜的放大率越大，焦距越短。20×的放大镜，其焦距不过1.25cm左右，被观察实物到眼睛距离与1.25cm相差不多，工作距离不便甚至在实际中不允许。另一方面，放大倍率有限（几倍到几十倍）。要得到更大倍率且获得合适工作条件必须用组合放大镜－显微镜。 显微镜：采用两个光学系统组成的复光学系统代替单一的放大镜，这种组合的放大镜，称为显微镜（ Microscope ）。 在放大镜（目镜eyepiece）前加一焦距极短的会聚透镜组（物镜objective