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1. In the following, we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement result, concerning characteristics, states or phenomena (the measured) of the world that surrounds us, observed with the aid of measurement systems (instruments). 在下文中，我们将测量定义为以测量结果表现形式的信息采集，包括周围世界的性质，状态、现象（被测量）通过测量系统观察获得。 2. Measurement theory treats measurements as a mapping of elements of a source set belonging to the empirical domain space(see Fig.1.1)onto the elements of an image(or outcome)set which is part of the abstract range(or image)space.测量理论把测量理解为属于经验域空间的源集的元素到作为一个抽象范围（或称影像）空间的一部分的影像集元素的映射。 3. Error is the difference between the true or best accepted value of some quantity and the measured value.误差是真实量或者最理想量与测量值的差。 4. Precision is a measure of the repeatability of a series of data points taken in the measurement of some quantity.精度是指在一些量的测量中采取对一些数据点的重复测量。 5. Recall that resolution was defined in the previous section as the minimum discernible change in the measure and that can be detected. 分辨率在前面部分被定义为在测量中检测到的最小可分辨的变化。 6. These could be caused by inaccurate calibration, mismatched impedances, response-time error, nonlinearities, equipment malfunction, environmental change, and loading effects. 系统误差是由于不准确的校准，不匹配的阻抗，反应时间误差，非线性，设备故障，环境改变和载荷效应所引起的。 7. The best way to detect the presence of a systematic error is to repeat the measurement with a completely different technique using different instruments. 检测系统误差的最好方法是用不同的仪器和完全不同的方法重复测量。 8. Random errors(also called accidental errors)tend to vary in both directions from the true value by chance. 随机误差（也称偶然误差）往往是在真值的各幅度范围内随机变化获得。 9. These errors are unpredictable and occur because of a number of factors that determine the outcome of a measurement. 这些误差的发生是不可预知的，偶然的，因为由许多因素决定了一个测量的结果。 10. Random errors are generally small and may be caused by electrical noise、interference、vibration gain variation of amplifiers, leakage currents, drift, observational error, or other environmental factor