口语测试.docVIP

八 口语测试 1 口语的特点 交互性： 口语交际是交际双方或多方的活动，通过交际各方相互交流传递信息。 即时性: 口语活动一般要求参与者对谈话对方的言语立即作出反应（包括回答问题、补充、反对、赞成、延续等）。由于这种反应具有即时性，说话者来不及精心准备话语，因此话语中多有迟疑、停顿、口误、冗余成分等。 副语言因素: 口语中说话者往往借助语调、重音、音量等副语言手段来增加表达效果。 非语言因素: 说话者在说话时常借助手势、目光、表情等体势语来表情达意。 与听的不可分割性: 除了自言自语、演讲、口授等，一般场合下的口语活动是在“…听→说→听→说…”的过程中进行的。 2 口语能力的构成 Weir Bygate (1992) 将口语能力分为微语言技能（micro-linguistic skills）、常规技能（routine skills）和应变技能（improvisation skills）三个层次。 微语言技能（micro-linguistic skills） Accuracy in phonology, grammar, lexis, etc. 常规技能（routine skills） Information routines Expository routines: narration, description, instruction, comparison, etc. （expository essay, expository writing： 说明文） Evaluative routines: explanations, predictions, justifications, preferences, decisions, etc. Interaction routines Sequences of turns: telephone conversations, interviews, conversations at parties, etc. 应变技能（improvisation skills） Negotiation of meaning Level of explicitness: Speakers need to choose an appropriate level of explicitness, taking into account what the listener knows and can accommodate; Procedures of negotiation: speakers need to be concerned about selecting an appropriate level of specificity in the light of listener response, including use of paraphrase, metaphor, choice of general of specific lexical items, conversational adjustments to contact and ensure understanding, and repetition and clarification procedures. Management of interaction Agenda management: referring to control over the content (participants’ right to choose the topic, or introduce topics they want to talk about) and control over the development or duration of a topic; Turn-taking: knowing how to signal that one wants to speak, recognizing the right moment to get a turn, how not to lose one’s turn, recognizing other people’s signals of desire to speak, knowing how to let other persons have a turn. 3 口语测试的方式 从测试着重点的不同来看，口语测试可分为结构主义口试和交际口试。 结构主义口试主要测试说的技能及与说相关的分项技能。典型的题型有朗读、复述、补全对话、问答、看图说话、独白叙述或报告等形式。评分时，侧重语言（主要包括语音、词汇、语法等项目）使用的准确性和技能的熟练性，通常采用分项打分，并最