染色质结构.pptVIP

MOLECULAR BLOLOGY （分子生物学） D2 CHRMATIN STRUCTU （染色质结构） The nucleosome core is the basic unit of chromosome structure , consisting of a protein octamer containing two each of the core histones , with 146 bp of DNA wrapped 1.8 times in a left-handed fashion around it. The wrapping of DNA into nucleosomes accounts for virtually all of the negative supercoiling in eukaryotic DNA. A number of tudies in the 1970s pointed to the existence of a basic unit of chromatin structure. Nuclease are enzymes which hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids. Exonuclease release single nucleotides from the ends of nucleic acid strands, whereas endonuclease cleave internal phosphodiester bonds. 19世纪70年代的一些研究主要集中在染色质结构的基本单位。核酸酶是一种能够水解核酸的磷酸二酯键的酶。外切酶从核算链末端释放单个核苷酸，而内切酶则作用于链内部的磷酸二酯键。 Treatment of chromatin with micrococcal nuclerse, an endonuclease which cleaves double-stranded DNA fragments with discrete sizes, in multiples of approximately 200bp. It was discovered that each 200bp fragment is associated with an octamer core of histone proteins,(H2A)2(H2B)2(H3)2(H4)2, which is why these are desiated the core histones, and more loosely with one molecule of H1. 用微球菌核酸酶（一种切割双链DNA的内切酶）处理染色质，会分离长度为200bp的不同倍数的片段。研究发现，每个200bp的片段都与由4种组蛋白各二分子【即（H2A）2（H2B）2（H3）2（H4）2】构成的八聚体核心紧密结合，并与一分子H1松散结合，这就是被称为核心组蛋白的原因。 The proteins protect the DNA from the action of micrococcal nuclease. Moreprolonged digestion with leads to the less of H1 and yields a very resistant structure consisting of 146bp of DNA associated very tightly with the histone octamer. This structure is known as the nucleosome core ,and is structurally very similar whatever the source of the chromatin. 这些蛋白质保护DNA免受微球菌核酸酶的作用。继续反应将导致H1的丢失，并产生抗性极强的与组蛋白八聚体结合的146bp片段。这样的结构称为核小体核心。不论染色质来源于何处，都具有相似的核小体结构 The structure of the nucleosome core particle is now known in considerable detail, from structure studies culminating in X-ray