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Protective Relays A relay is defined as a device that responds to the sampled system quantities (i.e. voltage and/or current) to indicate or isolate an abnormal operating condition. At present there two main categories of relays, and traditional electromagnetic type, and the semiconductor (static) type. There are four basic types of electromagnetic relays :the plunger, the hinged armature(or clapper type), the induction disk, and the induction cup. In the semiconductor category, there are many circuits involving transistors and thyristors that can process the system variables in prescribed ways and then activate a tripping circuit if the processed information suggests that this should be done. The time required to activate a relay is an important quantity to be considered in the particular application of relays. The trade jargon employs the word “instantaneous” to refer to those relays for which no time delay is deliberately introduced. When such fast-acting relays are required, the type employed is the plunger, hinged armature, or induction cup (or a semiconductor if very fast response is required). The induction disk type is used to activate a relay is proportional to some inverse power of the system quantity (e. g, the current). Relays have a minimum current to activate at all, and a minimum time to activate with any current. According to the details of how the fields and forces are to interact in a specific relay design, the relay may respond to product of voltage and current (i. e. power) or to the ratio of voltage to current (i. e. impedance). The impedance at a point on the line depends on how far away the fault is located from the relay, which means that the impedance relay is sensitive to the distance away from the fault. This property is useful in zone protection schemes. Relays can be made to act on the basis of voltage-to-current ratio by a two-coil construction in which the coils act in opposition. For example, one-coil is energized with the sam