语言学分支介绍.pptVIP

Invitations to Linguistics Invitations to Linguistics Design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. Function: the role language plays in communication or in particular social situations. Design Features Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units and meaningless segments. Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. Functions of Language Phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. Metalanguage: a language used for talking about language. Distinctions in Linguistics Synchronic linguistics: the study of a given language at a given time. Diachronic linguistics: the study of language change through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. Distinctions in Linguistics Prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Distinctions in Linguistics Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker. Distinctions in Linguistics Language competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of rules of his language, that is , of its sound structure, its words and its grammatical rules. A transformational –generative grammar is a model of language competence. Language performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. Speech Sounds Phonetics Phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study