unit7 Improving the Quality of a Database Schema.pptVIP

Unit 7 Unit 7 Improving the Quality of a Database Schema 本單元目的 根據下列特性, 重建 schema, 以改善 schema 之品質. Completeness 完整性(即完整表達 AP domain 之特徵) Correctness 正確性(正確使用 ER model 的語法和語意) Minimality 極小性 Expressiveness 表達性高 Readability 可讀性 Self-explanation 自我表達性 Extensibility 有擴充性 Normality 正規化 Outline Qualities of a Database Schema Schema Transformations Transformations for Achieving Minimality Transformations for Achieving Expressiveness and Self-Explanation Transformations for Achieving Normalization An Example of Schema Restructuring Minimality 每個概念在 schema 中只出現一次, minimal schema 中任何概念都不能刪除, 否則會失去某些欲表達的資訊. Expressiveness 直接從 schema 即能明瞭欲表達的概念, 不需要再另外的解釋或文字說明. Readability 畫出的圖形要可讀性高 Self-explanation Schema Transformations After transformation, the results maybe Information-preserving transformation (不改變) Information-changing transformation Augmenting (擴大) Reducing (縮小) Noncompatible (不相容) 為改善 schema 品質而重建之 schema 應是 information-preserving transformation Schema Transformations Same information content for two schema 若 schema S1 和 S2 是相等(equivalent) 則表示在 S1 中的任何查詢 Q 可以在 S2 中找到一查詢 Q’, 使得 Q 與 Q’ 查詢結果是相同. Transformations for Achieving Minimality 合併或轉換後形成的重複關係包括 Cycles of relationship 形成循環的現象 Containment constraints 某個 relationship 包含在另一個 relationship 中 Derived attributes 某個 attribute 可由其他的 attributes 計算出來 (見 page 4, Fig. 6.1) Implicit subsets 某個 subset 隱含另一原有的 subset 將重複關係從轉換後的 schema 中找出來並刪去, 以達到最小化 (minimality) 的目的 Cycles of relationship Containment constraints 某個 relationship 包含在另一個 relationship 中 Implicit subsets Transformation for Achieving Expressiveness Self-Explanation Elimination of dangling subentities in generalization hierarchies Elimination of dangling entities Creation of generalization Creation of a new subset Elimination of dangling subentities in generalization hierarchies. Elimination of dangling entities Creation of a new subset Normalization Normalization is the analysis of functional dependences between attributes. Functional dependences (功能相依) A1