141127生态系统.docxVIP

生态系统在海洋里洗澡：TPO09-03Spore: without outer coating’s protection孢子Lichen【 the first successful flora】 地衣 =Fungus【fungi菌类 (absorb moisture mineral： salt)】+ Alga【algae藻类 = the most similar to ancestral plants (photosynthesis)】The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algaeand fungi living in a symbolic relationship.共生关系Fern蕨 and moss苔藓Seed-bearing plant: the angiosperm 被子植物（including grass）with outer coating外衣(protection nutrition).洗完澡爬到陆地：TPO25-03From the sea to the terrestrial environments: adaptationsStructure to conserve waterRoot stem: a waxy cuticle表皮to minimize the evaporation of waterPores that are able to close when neededConducting vessels导管 to transport water and minerals upward from the roots.A new way to disperse传播 their fertilized已受精的 eggs.Protected embryos胚胎Pollen花粉seed种子共生关系：TPO17-03parasitism 寄生intestines 大肠(host寄主) tapeworm肠寄生虫（parasite寄生虫）保护自己的办法： chemical toxic defensive immune systemNatural selection stabilized使平衡 the host-parasite relationship. 基因优良的寄主能抵御寄生虫的威胁，基因优良的寄生虫能一直靠山吃山。commensalism：: a relation between two kinds of organisms in which one obtains food or other benefits from the other without damaging or benefiting itmutualism 互利共生flowering plants(disperse seeds) pollinators (obtain food)trees (protection) ants (a place to live eat sugar secreted)colonization殖民= invasion + survival : TPO32-01最开始选择一亩三分田很重要：a safe site with limited competitors and negative interactionsa moist and fertile site is more likely to be colonized.Invasiona reproductive propagluean efficient way of dispersal 增加入侵成功概率的方法：Produce as many as possibleProduce Long-lived seeds rather than short-lived seeds.A reliable way of disposal to favorable new habitats:Make seeds germinate发芽 at various points of time.Tpo19-02 TPO Extra1-03 TPO03-03基础定义：生态系统根据修炼等级来分：Apioneering communityA climax community根据进度来分：Succession:the development stage of the community (like infancy, childhood, and adolescence青春期);Disturbance 之后，生态系统有succession理论1： The d