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* Novel Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry 电分析化学新技术 Yuanhua Shao（邵元华，教授 Ph.D.） College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Outline: 1. Ultramicroelectrode (microelectrode) (超微电极或微电极） 2. Electroanalytical chemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces (液/液界面电分析化学) 3. Scanning probe microscopes (扫描探针显微术） 4. Spectroscopic techniques (光谱或波谱技术） 5. Nano-electrochemistry (纳米电化学） Part One ( 第一部分) 1. Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs)(microelectrodes) (超微电极或微电极） 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition 1.3 Brief history 1.4 Theory and applications 1.1 Introduction (导言) 电分析化学在60年代末期基本上停止不前，极谱 学的研究已经达到其最高峰。随着其它分析化学技术的 发展，极谱学越来越不重要。光谱电化学及微电极的出 现重新使电化学及电分析化学获得新生！ T.Kuwana等1960s光谱电化学 M.Fleischmann, A.Bewick et al: 1970s to 1980s, in situ 光谱、 波谱电化学 M.Fleischmann, M.Wightman et al: ultramicroelectrodes(UMEs) 1970s - 1980s 1.2 Definition Microelectrodes or ultramicroelectrodes are defined as electrodes which have at least one dimension that is a function of its size, which in practice means between 0.1 and 50?m. We define a UME operationally as an electrode having at least one dimension (such as the radius of a disk or the width of a band) smaller than 25?m. This aspect is called the critical dimension. Nano-electrodes: 1-100 nm m ? mm ? ?m ?nm 100 ? 10-3 ? 10-6 ? 10-9 1.2 Definition Common geometries include spherical, hemispherical, disc, ring, and line. 图1.1 各种形状的超微电极 1.2 Definition Common geometries include spherical, hemispherical, disk, ring, and line. Most common is the disk UME, which can be fabricated by sealing a fine wire in an insulator, such as glass or a plastic resin, and then exposing and polishing a cross-section of the wire. Spherical UMEs can be made for gold, but are difficult to realize for other materials. Hemispherical UMEs can be achieved by plating mercury onto a microelectrode disk. Quite different is the band UME, which has as its critical di